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08-22-2008 2:34 PM

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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Sir respectfully, I think you need to do the research and you will see that females bare the brunt of HIV/AIDS arounf the world. The information is with UNAIDS and many more organizations. Please dont remain misinformed about such a critical issue Drs Bacchus

08-22-2008 2:30 PM

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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I have read the interesting responses and thought that I should post some excerpts of my paper in this e-forum. I am submitting one of the most critical papers at the Third International Conference on Quality Assurance in Higher Education in Africa. (ICQAHEA). Dakar, Senegal, September 15-17, 2008 in Senegal. http://www.icqahea.org/2008_Conf_Announcement.htm
Im sharing an excerpt with you from my research paper as part of this dialogue: "A strategic area underutilized by the Global Fund/WHO is to involve Higher Education to conduct scientific research and develop its social and developmental studies programme within the framework of the MDGs. This could identify effective strategies that link the community’s worldview specifically the woman's worlview to functional health literacy initiatives and effective treatment and preventative modalities that are more in synch with the community’s worldview since condom (CD) usage still shows an extremely worrying trend. Besides, members across African communities have often lamented that “one doesn’t eat banana with the peel”, which highlights their low adherence to condoms. Therefore, an effective antimicrobial vaginal gel seems to be more in synch with the woman’s worldview and female-controlled prevention methods.
 
Hence, this paper strongly supports the Gender Protocol signed by SADC on July 18, 2008 that stresses the importance of female-controlled prevention methods. Once thoroughly instructed the woman can readily apply this and retain control over her body, decisions and level of comfort. In addition, once this model is implemented, the Worldview Transformation Paradigm (Bacchus, 2001) -- the “transformer” needs to be put in place to break down the ‘new power surge”, the new culture and frame of reference. She will have the support from practitioners, women organizations but this is not automatic. It requires all stakeholders to buy into this new culture that cannot be naturally adapted, but requires “a transformer or mechanism to break down the voltage in smaller subunits” to transition and make the adaptation. Violence and suspicion will be dealt with differently and the woman will be more protected; however, even though the Gender Protocol is a start in a good direction for women reproductive rights and human right, it still leaves her vulnerable to marital rape. Furthermore, issues in cohabitation and the rights of vulnerable groups and the contradictions between customary law and constitutional provisions for gender equality were not explicitly addressed in this historic document; however, it is a roadmap for women to press on.
 
“These prevention efforts will be based on an understanding of the underlying gender power relations that fuel the pandemic, the challenges encountered by women in insisting on safe sex and the need for behaviour change." Immediate research with clinical trials needs to be given top priority if the lives of Africans need to be saved and transmission of infections needs to be halted in their tracks. This is the most critical window of opportunity for Higher Education to close the gap in service delivery with the Global Fund and its partners and reach the unreached grassroots’ communities, which also serves as a feeder link for Higher Education. "
 
Furthermore, until the gender and cultural perspectives of HIVAIDS are tackled we can forget the fake figures because millions of lives are at stake. What we must consider is the relationship between the current infections and functional literacy rates. This is further complicated by the gender and cultural perspectives of the disease which not only deserve serious attention, but it must be tackled to understand the HIV disease and halt the transmission."
 
Hence, another cry goes out for a critical gender strategy and Shift in Paradigm is called for to tackle the cultural and gender perspectives of HIV/AIDS The objectives of the conference are to: 1. describe the link between quality higher education and the Millennium Development Goals; 2. review progress made by African countries in the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals; 3. learn lessons from other regions of the world where quality assurance in higher education has been used to leverage development and on course to attaining the Millennium Development Goals; 4. examine the role of quality teacher education, cross-border higher education and Open and Distance Learning in fast-tracking the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals; and 5. develop a regional Action Plan on leveraging the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals through the delivery of quality higher education. Subthemes Link between quality higher education and the Millennium Development Goals Millennium Development Goals and quality teacher education Role of higher education students in the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals Open and Distance Learning in higher education and the Millennium Development Goals Quality cross-border higher education and attainment of Millennium Development Goals Perspectives from other regions on quality higher education and MDGs Partnerships in higher education for MDGs Funding quality higher education and the MDGs.
 
Drs Fenna E. Bacchus CEO/President Functional Illiteracy Research and Education Inc. 544 Walnut Street Altamonte Springs, FL 32714-2329 - USA Tel/Fax: + 1(407) 774-6542 Cell:+ 1 (407) 484-0292 (Emergency Contact) "If you want to go fast, then walk alone; but if you want to go far, walk with others". An African Proverb

08-22-2008 1:08 PM



    • arvinder
  • Top 500 Contributor
  • India
    Not currently affiliated with the Global Fund
  • Posts 2

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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Majority of men & women affected by AIDS are from developing countries this fact can not be disputed,but why sexual politics in sensitive issue like this.There is a need to empower women so that they can be demanding on these issues furthermore disseminiation of ancillary & related issues,treatment,councelling and ART as well. This virus does not discriminate like humans why treatment has to be made to be more accessible to a particular gender. Origin of the virus is disputed,medically both sexes can infect each other,women are considered to be a weaker sex in almost all developing countries,this mentality needs to be shunned &a foil to it canot be achieved through selective tergeting interventions like ART.Judicious use has to be made as a result of gap in demand & supply of ART.It is an expensive treatment,while admnistering it only the medical need factor should be the only and most important consideration Arvinder singh Ghai for world community
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08-22-2008 12:24 PM

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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Antiretroviral treatment is taking 56% of the female cases which have already diagnosed. That doesn't mean for me the infection prevails in the female population in a higher frequency. Global Fund should not be biased on the gender distiction in considering projects related to the retrovirus. who knows? if prevelance higher in males which is yet to confirm. I believe males have a comparatively higher risk of contracting the virus due to their behavior; ie;homosexuality and intrvenous drug administration. Male and female are equally at risk to catch the disease and the Global Fund should consider all the programs which may not carry and gender discrimination.

08-22-2008 12:24 PM



    • konjit
  • Top 50 Contributor
  • Ethiopia
    Not currently affiliated with the Global Fund
  • Posts 12

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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Dear e-forum members
I agree with most of the ideas shared by members, particularly on having a comprehensive gender strategy for both sexes, however with specific strategy for girls. The strategy focusing on the social , cultural and economic issues affecting women and girls accessibility to treatment.
 
There are a few points which I would like to emphasize to be considered by the GF in its gender strategy; the issues of equity- is that treatment programs/projects should reach groups-due to social, economic, and cultural discrimination face lack of access to health care and are increasingly infected by HIV, among these groups are women and girls and sexual minority groups. ARV accessibility should not be focused for women who are pregnant only, we should also include single women, girls who increasingly are being infected by HIV due to social and cultural conditions, for example in Ethiopia the issue of early marriage which force girls to marry to older men increases the risk to infection to HIV and other diseases.
 
GF should support countries proactively to understand existing barriers to treatment access faced by women and girls and come up with programs to bring about justice and equity in treatment access. Bottlenecks for girls and women to access ARV, particularly in our continent-are not only medical issues related with standards, they are social, cultural and economic issues (such as lack of access and decision making in using income (resources) for treatment by women, the lack of authority in some areas to seek treatment and VCT, violence ).
 
Men and women are affected and impacted differently by existing situations treatment services (for example access to treatment is affected among other by lack of trained staff, availability of equipments, services, transportation problems, service provider’s attitudes, stigma and discrimination this factors affect men and women differently and the intervention strategies should also be systematic). Interventions based on the identification and responding to the social, economic and cultural barriers makes a great difference in gender equity and reaching women and girls and other minority groups.
 
GF proactively support countries to develop, revise and adopt guidelines and standards to ensure that gender equity is incorporated and implemented in the programs funded by the GF. Gender sensitive strategies to HIV prevention, care and support and treatment are developed in the proposal development process and must be put as a criteria for funding. In the process of implementation the GF should have indicators to measure progress and evaluate impact. GF must also ensure that the ARV gender strategy should be linked or integrated with existing FP/RH services as well as with HIV prevention, care and support programs. The particularly will be beneficial for women, who are due to cultural and economic constraints are supported when finding all the services integrated( like the VCT, PMTCT, HIV information and FP/RH) with the service they use. GF must ensure that programs funded should have SMART indictors to ensure that women and girls and other sexual minority groups have equal representation in accessing treatment.
 
Given that women face violence in revealing HIV status to partners and stigma and discrimination in health settings, like mandatory testing of pregnant women- it will be important to have programs at the health service delivery points and community outreach counseling support which includes social, legal and economic. I believe that the ABC approach to HIV prevention fails girls and women. Girls and women cultural, social and economic barriers in most African countries prevent them from determining when, how with whom they have sex. Due to physical and sexual violence and fear millions of women are unable to protect themselves from HIV/STI, they are not able to negotiate condom use with their husbands or boyfriends or partner. Therefore the GF should be able to invest in the development of female controlled HIV prevention technologies, like the female condom and microbicides, after all this prevention investment will have an impact on the continuum of HIV prevention, care and support and AIDS treatment interventions.

08-22-2008 12:22 PM

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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I have found this forum interesting and informative. I also appreciate the diverse approaches being suggested here. I believe that in recent times, a lot of awareness and sensitisation on HIV/AIDS have been targeted at women or the female gender. In retrospect, there is evidently a positive response in terms of women involvement in the campaign, voluntary testing etc. This is also revealed in the statistical results that are obtained. Also, efforts are now being intensified to involve the men; male gender in the sensitization and HIV/AIDS awareness, sexual violence etc. On this aspect, the men especially in my side of the planet are still not much given to voluntary testing, sticking to one woman or wife etc..... In most cases, they give permision or disallow the women in participating.
 
The reality is that whoever is infected with the HIV virus belongs to a home; comprising of the male & female gender. Is a wife or husband, a daughter or mother, a son or brother. It is therefore expidient that whatever strategy applied should take into cognisance the male and female gender. I'd say Intensify the focus on men, while keeping the women actively involved.
 
Let more infected patients on ARVs be featured on the media probably more fequently(let men talk to men).It breaks my heart that some guys are still claiming HIV is not real in this time and age with all the evidence around. Let ARV centers be probably advertised by men. Whatever the strategy, once men are immensely and extensively involved, you will see the statistical figures manifest itself yet again. You will see sound health & educational policies implemented. You will hopefully see them pick up the fight against HIV/AIDS and we will not wait until a family member is stuck down by the virus before becoming knowledgeable. Wheather we accept it or not, the women need the men as pillars to fight this cause.
 
keep up the good work Global Fund, the men will soon become more proactive and file out for voluntary tests, go for their ARVs,they will soon join the mothers in sex education and HIV/AIDS awareness to their children. I hope???????????

08-22-2008 10:17 AM

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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Dear GF, I think based on the progress report of Universal Access of the % of women infected HIV higher than men, so the focus on women espescially is great, but we still think about men also, now women they play important role for social activity and to display the history of them to public and to avocate especial trantment, income generating and household with the childrend and their husbands. So we think about Gender Equity Strategy is the great idea.
 
Keo Chen

08-22-2008 9:29 AM

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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To e-Forum 2008
The GF's gender strategy should focus on vulnerability of diseases for all genders(Men,women,girls,sexual minority). Accessibility of anti retroviral treatment should depend upon vulnerability of HIV & lack of basic health infrastructure in less pharmacy,health,research & development infrastructure countries. Above discussion did not evaluate correct assessment of availability of ART drugs ,treatment& addressing gender equity. GF gender strategy should be focused on abstinence campaigns, reduction of high risk behaviour,ethical bio-behaviour approaches, human development & ecology for men rather than gender inequalities strategy for women& girls.
Social equity is essential for addressing social mobility & socialization of medicine in global equity strategy . Number of social& community factors including geographical,demo-graphical,religion,educational,economical,biological,&physiological could require universal coverage of basic health infrastructure& prevention of specific gender diseases (genetic,acquired,occupational hazards). WHO has formulated Health for all for accessibility of all health means to everyone in community structure, ART accessibility should consider above approaches of an acceptable level of health to all gender.HIV,Tuberculosis& Malaria are not gender sensitive.All gender could be affected by these diseases so prevention method & treatment should be equally provided by GF mechanism & strategy for social equity & justice in community system strengthening.Human health is consist of biological,social & psychological concepts, if degree of prominent risk factors are linked with diseases than GF global equity strategy could develop an independent component of accessibility of ART & other treatment for men in community system strengthening alongwith affected population. Discussion Effective intervention could give understanding of gender need & social intervention for addressing gender inequalities.

ASHISH SRIVASTAVA
ex-International Marketing
CCM(SEAR-INDIA)81237

----------------------------------------------------------------------


To e-forum 2008

Received above issue .Regarding effective interventions in improving sexual minorities health services, understanding & accessment of socio-economic structure & conditions,universalizing of education,gender empowerment,living standards,improved environmental condition are essential for prevention of HIV/AIDS vulnerability in sexual minorities in many countries. In developing world, accessibility of above factors could prevent social,economical, bio-behaviour, empowerment discrimination in sexual minorties.
Sexual minorties term & conditions could be eliminated by using human development program including national GDP,standard of living,
literacy rate,gender related development & sexual minorties empowerment measures.
National understanding of gender's right & empowerment(health,education & nutrition)can give economic & social prograss for sexual minorties. Strategic interventions in the area of social &structure opportunities for sexual minorties could eliminate social discrimination.
In developing nations addressing religious & cultural malpractices are challenges.Vulnerability of HIV/AIDS,stigma,discrimination
could be eliminated by addressing disadvantages of religion& cultural based malpractices in many countries.
Above factors should include gender empowerment,rights,livelihood, human ecology,socio-legal prohibition on inhuman approaches causing sexual minorties,awareness of science,bio-behaviour,social-acceptability,universal benefits,cultural diversity,national&state
HIV prevention program accessment. Social acceptability is also a challenge,can include national health& services support by providing employment,trade,grassroot work & shelter for sexual minorties.

Thankyou
ASHISH SRIVASTAVA
Ex-International marketing
C.C.M(SEAR-INDIA)81237 

08-21-2008 4:58 PM



    • Susan Foster
  • Not Ranked
  • United States
    Not currently affiliated with the Global Fund
  • Posts 1

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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Whoa, Global Fund! Let's take this one step at a time. Changing the whole GF strategy for AIDS, TB and malaria to address one issue related to treatment of HIV, particularly in Africa, is NOT what we need. I was one of the people in Mexico asking from the floor, "what about the men?" with regard to treatment. I had a poster on "medicine companions" based on work in Uganda in which I speculated that one of the key barriers was that men were unwilling to disclose their status to a medicine companion. But there are many possible reasons for this situation.
One reply in this forum points out that there are more women with men who have HIV - that's possible reason #1. Another reply mentions that men may not want to disclose and do what they need to do to adhere - possible reason #2. (I personally give a lot of weight to this one.) Men who are employed may not want to, or be able to take time off for treatment during working hours when clinics are open - possible reason #3. Workplace programs such as the ones run by the Heineken Breweries might give us some insight here. And of course, men in many societies are just reluctant to visit the doctor for any reason, it seems to go against their self-image of being big and strong - possible reason #4. And both genders, around the world, fear going forward for treatment because they do not trust health workers to keep their HIV status confidential - reason #5.
 
What GF should do is NOT change its gender strategy - but commission research into why men are not coming forward for treatment - it may be a combination of the factors above but are probably many other things I haven't thought of. But more research, not a change in strategy without good evidence that there is truly a need to change strategy, is the way to go.

08-21-2008 12:54 PM



    • Anne
  • Top 200 Contributor
  • Nigeria
    Not currently affiliated with the Global Fund
  • Posts 4

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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I would have appreciated this debate more if we are given the survey sample group, if the survey comprised of the equal sample size of both sexes, and if equal number of sexes were exposed to treatment. So many factors could have contributed to this result, and those factors can be tackled with Behavior Change Communication. For the gender strategic focus on ART. I am of the opinion that ART be given equally to all sexes. If there should be any strategic focus, let it be for the Most at Risk Groups.

08-20-2008 11:31 AM

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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Dear friend,
Regarding this week e-forum 2008 the there of gender strategy focus, the discussion of this week’s question “with the majority of people on antiretroviral treatment being women, should the global fund’s gender strategy focus more on men rather then concentrating on women and girls? Global fund should focus/concentrating on women and girls for the antiretroviral treatment.
 
Parent to child transmission of HIV or prenatal transmission accounts for 3.45% of the total HIV infection load of the country. PTCT of HIV can occur during pregnancy, at the time of delivery or through *** feeding. A Pregnant women with HIV infection has an approximately 30 % change of passing the virus to her new born baby. There is evidence that infection can occurs as early as the first 12-15 weeks of gestation 60% prenatal infection occur in-ntero or during the birth process . It is estimated that up to 30% prenatal infection occurs during *** feeding. More than 27 million women, including over 1, 62,000 HIV infected women, give birth every year.
 
The number of HIV positive women is increasing, and with it the number of babies with a combination of fortunately PTCT of HIV can prevented with drug treatment, safe delivery practice, counseling and support, and safe infant feeding practices. Pregnant women receiving ARV require ongoing care and monitoring with in the local HIV/AIDS program when co-infection with TB exists, additional drug selection and clinical management is required to minimize side effects.
 
Thus, as ARV treatment becomes available under ART program in India. ANC programs can expect to refer newly diagnosed pregnant women to adult HIV/AIDS programs to undergo evaluation for the eligibility for ARV. In addition, women living with HIV infection and already on ARV treatment may become pregnant ad seek out ANC. A woman diagnosed with HIV during pregnancy and eligible for ARV should be started on treatment as soon as possible during pregnancy. It may be desirable to delay the start of treatment until after the first trimester. However, when the women are severely ill, the benefits of treatment outweigh any potential risk to the fetus. Hence, I suggest that the global fund should concentrate on women for the antiretroviral treatment.
 
Thank you Ravichandran.C INDIA.

08-20-2008 9:30 AM

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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To, e-Forum 2008

Received final discussion. Regarding global equity strategy for addressing gender inequalities in country program , GF mechanism has CSS with gender, affected population, sexual minority components for specific addressing. Socialization of medicine is vital for social gender equity. Accessibility of ART( 25(ART)drugs) is essential for health system strengthening in less health infrastructure countries. In developing & under developed countries gender sensitive approaches for sexual minority(women & girls) could give additional capacity building for empowerment,social equity,universal coverage, gender socio-economic indicators i.e. specific gender labour, natural resources, calorie availability & social institutions. GF mechanism should focus on gender behaviour data,universal coverage, HIV statistical information in affected countries, ready access of treatment in less health system infrastructure countries,
social intervention & accessibility of contry's constitution for prevention of diseases through GF products& services. I would like to give reference of Gender theme for gender sensitive approach,& effective implementation of GF strategy. Thank you

Ashish Srivastava
ex-International Marketing
CCM(SEAR-INDIA)81237
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

e-forum 2008

Received theme 1: gender

Regarding gender sensitive approach & responsiveness all three mechanisms are important for strong & more effective partnership for sustained impact. In gender sensitive program planning new gender aspect can include improved overall nutrition& bio-availability for lactating mothers & undernourished,under weight female children. Understanding of genetic factors , differential Resistance to diseases,prevention of gender sensitive cultural& traditional practices. Business models, TRP,could also help in elimination of mal-practices of gender sensitive approach.Business models should be related to improving socio-economic condition of  marginalised ,gender condition vulnerable to climatic condition,socio-legal rights of infrastructure natural& productive resources,civil society participation with rural community focussing on gender sensitive approach. Business models should ensure better access to markets,improved working& service condition, legal aid in the unorganised business sector& basic services, literacy level, adult education,universal primary education. TRP& Board are technical concepts which are very useful in prevention strategies& treatment ,awareness, behavioural change ,capacity building & health care provision in gender sensitive approaches
& responsiveness. Other mechanism can include humanitarian approaches with administration support, organisation that are gender sensitive may catalyse& encourage gender responsiveness, country leader-ship, basic services education,health, financial infrastructure
& universal benefit.

THANKYOU
ASHISH SRIVSTAVA
EX-International marketing
c.c.m(SEAR-INDIA)81237

08-20-2008 6:52 AM



    • Amzad Ali
  • Top 25 Contributor
  • Bangladesh
    Not currently affiliated with the Global Fund
  • Posts 23

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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In fact, balance is the art of any programming or in personal or social life and in the nature. Somehow, we manipulated and now we have to make all these balanced what is a tedious work in context of present global scenario. In line with GF policy at the present, I still will advocate to let the GF gender policy remain the same give the fact “ With the majority of people on antiretroviral treatment being women (56% at the end of 2007*), should the Global Fund’s gender strategy focus more on men rather than concentrating on women and girls?”.
 
Since, there is huge gender related anomaly created over the years; it will be not wise to shift the focus of GF immediately before some sustainable change and lasting development in this field. Best-

08-19-2008 9:01 PM

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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Dear e Furom;
Gender issue is defined as agrivance or injustice felt and/or suffered by women or men in any given society. The gender issues arises when there is a visible socio-economic disparity between men and women in a given society. This in itself measurable. gender discrimination is about different treatment to men and women which gives rise to disparity between them. It is a qualitative diparity, which is related to one's behaviour in relation to the other gender. Meanwhile gender oppression relates to ones rights are violated by the dominant gender in agiven society or dominant gender. This is a qualitative disparity, which impacts on gender discrimination based on beliefs of male supermacy over females. These beliefts are part of ones socialisation regarding male and female relationships.
 
The analysis above form the basis on which the gender guiding principles, the overall goals and strstegies for the Gf gender ploicy. Therefore GF HIV prevention strategy - should be A behavioural-based approach to HIV prevention. ABC strategy whose components are complementary are essential to reducing HIV incidence, although the emphasis placed on individual elements needs to vary according to the target population. Growing evidence suggest that having multiple sex partners especially multiple concurrent partners is the major driver of at least the generalised epidemics. When "B" behaviour improve that is, when more men and women practice mutual fidelity, national prevalance rates tend to fall. In evry example in Africa of prevalence rates falling, there have been significant decline in casual, multi-partner sex in the previous years.
 
More needs to be done to increase our understanding of how best to promote the B message. Abstinence works and can and should be promoted. It works best as part of a broader character formation effort that include teaching skills in forming friendships, understanding peer pressures, fostering self respect for others, what it means to fall in love, what it means to take responsibility for one's own behaviour, and how certain actions and decisions can have life long consequences, "MY Future is My Choice". Taking such a broad approach in fact engages the interest of young people who are interested in discussing these topics and are lokking for advice and guidance. Infact most Africans are already practicing B and A behaviour. Those who are not have the capacity to change behaviour. People are not animals or machines and are capable of behaviour change. When behaviours change, HIV incidence and eventually prevalence decline.
 
Also some aspects of African cultures can be vehicles for positive changes and improved health. Some cultures value religious faith, values and community. Faith and values can be powerful agents of behaviour change. Prevention programmes can and should address issues such as stigma, gender inequality, sexual coercion, cross generational relationships and transactional sex. They should directly involve people living with HIV/AIDS, in order to achieve maximum stigma. There is a need to balance individual rights with social responsibilities. Africa cultures values family and community. These values must be balanced with the needs and desires of the individual.
 
In mature epidemics, infections are found increasingly among discordant couples. This does not mean that marriage is danagerous for women as sometimes asserted. Most data show that married women are at less risk than unmarried sexually active women. ABC interventions are still needed in mature epidemics. Men who stray from marriages or who have sex with young girls must be targeted by campaigns to change community and social norms so that their behaviours become unacceptable.
 
GF prevention programmes should put primary emphasis on reducing the number of multiple and concurrent partnerships. GF should also develop innovative strategies based upon existing knowledge of best practices to protect women and girls from male behaviours that put them at risk of HIV infection or abuse. This should result in programmes that change male behaviours and undercut prevailing norms that sanctions or tolerate abusive behaviours by men in light of the increased vulnerability of women to HIV. GF should institute policies that increase the equality of women such as through greater educational opportunities,increased participation of women in leadership and decision making processes at all levels, access to and control over resources and benefits, enhance cultural and traditional values and practices that serve the rights and interests of women relative to men in society.
 
Robson Olwe

08-19-2008 7:19 PM

Re: Week 1: Gender Stategy focus

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Greetings to all, To me gender strategy will not work because men are not willing to test their blood and adhere to the instruction on how to take ART. I think we have to continue with the fight as usual am sure we are going to succeed in the struggle Collins Kidega Radio King Gulu, Uganda
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